wattbench
Field guides

Explainers

The tech behind the panels and the paperwork, without the marketing spin: cell types, inverters, batteries, orientation, VPPs and grid rules.

Design

Cell Technology

HJT Solar Technology, Explained

How heterojunction cells use passivating contacts, what the architecture can support, and which exact-module figures installers must verify.

4 min read
Cell Architecture

Solar Cell Busbars & Multi-Busbar Design

How fingers and collectors balance shading and resistance, why conductor count is not a quality score, and what installers should verify.

4 min read
System Design

AC vs DC Solar Panels

Trace conversion, MPPT, monitoring and battery coupling through string, optimiser and microinverter designs before choosing an architecture.

4 min read
System Design

Solar Panel Orientation & Tilt

A field workflow for matching azimuth and tilt to shade, interval load, tariffs, export limits, storage and the usable roof.

4 min read
Buyer's Guide

How to Read a Solar Panel Datasheet

Verify exact module identity, rating conditions, electrical and mechanical limits, approvals and warranty documents without borrowing generic figures.

5 min read
Cell Technology

TOPCon Solar Cells, Explained

How TOPCon's tunnel-oxide passivating contact works, why it became mainstream, and which module-level figures installers must verify.

4 min read
Panel Technology

Bifacial Solar Panels, Explained

How rear irradiance, bifaciality and array geometry affect output and current, and what installers must verify before relying on a gain estimate.

5 min read
System Design

Microinverters vs String Inverters

Compare exact microinverter and string-inverter designs across MPPT allocation, shade, monitoring, failure boundaries and service access.

4 min read
Design Evidence

Module and Inverter Compatibility

A complete compatibility check covering cold Voc, MPPT operation, current, parallel strings, connectors and exact model documentation.

7 min read

Batteries & grid

Work the problem

Troubleshooting playbooks

Ordered field sequences for diagnosis, commissioning, maintenance, batteries and grid issues.

All playbooks
Diagnosing a fault?

Decode any inverter warning

550 documented fault codes across 15 brands. Search them all in the finder.

Fault Code Finder
About the guides

Explainers, in brief

What do the explainers cover?
The technology behind the panels and the paperwork: cell architectures, inverter types, battery chemistry, orientation, VPPs and grid rules, written for installers, designers and curious owners.
Are they tied to any manufacturer?
No. The explainers are manufacturer-neutral and exist to help you understand a concept, not to sell a product. Anything ever sponsored would be labelled.
Do they cost anything?
No. Every explainer is free to read with no sign-up. Sources and page-specific review dates are shown where they have been verified.